Although audio has been used in screen readers for blind or visually impaired people, there was no clear suggestion of how to combine the audio modality with visual presentation for sighted people on mobile devices. Whereas focusing on the display of a mobile phone may be difficult while walking or driving, Vadas’s study showed that audio is an acceptable modality for mobile comprehen- sion of text. There are three competences tested in TOEFL PBT, namely Listening Comprehension, Structure and Written Expression, and Reading Comprehension.
The TOEFL PBT is also the only form used in Palangka Raya due to the limitation of supporting facilities and test administrators. The TOEFL PBT is the most widely used TOEFL test form in Indonesia, although in some big cities the administrators prefer using the iBT test form due to the more skill tested. The TOEFL test itself can be divided into TOEFL PBT (paper-based test) which is the one that was used as the instrument of this research, TOEFL CBT (computer-based test), and TOEFL iBT (internet-based test). Regarding the issue, having the competences of TOEFL is now viewed important in the academic sectors and also in working opportunities. What has become a recent shocking news is that most of governmental offices required the TOEFL score of 450 for the civil servant applicants. This is considered as relatively very short time for some incompetent English users (Matsuoka, 2009).Įnglish test is believed to reflect someone’s or language learners’ competences in mastering and performing the English language (Heaton, 1995 p.
The complete sections must be answered in 2 hours and no additional time.
And the last section, Reading, consists of 50 questions and 55 minutes time is provided. Section 2, Structure, consists of 40 questions to be answered in just 25 minutes. The conversation is spoken just once, therefore the students taking this test must always be attentive to the audio. The listening part consists of 50 questions that must be answered in 25-30 minutes. Moreover, the paper-based test consists of three sections: Listening, Structure and Reading. The paper-based TOEFL consists of two layers: understanding form and understanding meaning. The first version of TOEFL is in the form of paper and pencil-based test, meaning that test takers are provided with answer sheets. The test is always used by overseas universities in the USA, and other 150 countries as an official assessment that they can trust (Educational Testing Service, 2019). It is used to measure a non– native English speaker’s proficiency in the English language (Warfield et al., 2013) This test is considered as a standardized test to measure the level of understanding of English among non-native speakers. TOEFL is administered by the Educational Testing Service (ETS). TOEFL stands for Test of English as a Foreign Language.
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